Competing interests
S. Afzal reports support for the present manuscript from the Institute of Public Health Lahore; grants or contracts by the Dean office Institute of Public Health Lahore; honoraria for experts, lectures, visiting speakers and educational seminars were provided by the Dean Institute of Public Health Lahore; support for attending meetings and travel was provided by the Dean Institute of Public Health, Lahore Pakistan; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as Member Pakistan National Bioethics Committee, Member Institutional Review Board of Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Member Ethical Review Board and Data Monitoring Board Institute of Public Health Lahore Pakistan, and in charge of Clinical Research Organization King Edward Medical University; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a Member Pakistan Higher Education Commission Research Committee, Member Pakistan Medical and Dental Commission Research and Journals Committee, Member Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine, Member Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, Member Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society, Fellow of Leads International, Fellow of Faculty of Public Health UK, Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs and services, including computer software and equipment from Bergen University Norway for research writing; other financial or nonfinancial interests as the Dean of Public Health and Preventive Medicine at King Edward Medical University, Lahore; all outside the submitted work. F. Ahmad reports grants or contracts (22010901112, 24010901173) from the University of Sharjah outside the submitted work. G. Alicandro reports support for the present manuscript from The Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, funded by the Italian Ministry of Education and Research (MUR): Dipartimenti di Eccellenza Program 2023 to 2027. S.M. Alif reports support for attending meetings or travel from The University of Melbourne; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand; all outside the submitted work. R. Ancuceanu reports consulting fees from Abbvie and Merck Romania; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Abbvie, Laropharm, Reckitt and Merck Romania; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Merck Romania and Reckitt; all outside the submitted work. J. Ärnlöv reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Astella; all outside the submitted work. T. Astell-Burt reports grants or contracts from National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Research Council and Medical Research Future Fund outside the submitted work. J.L. Baker reports grants or contracts from Novo Nordisk Foundation, World Cancer Research Fund and Independent Research Council Denmark; consulting fees from Novo Nordisk A/S paid to her and her institution; support for attending meetings and/or travel from the European Association for the Study of Obesity; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the European Association for the Study of Obesity as Trustee, president-elect; all outside the submitted work. O.C. Baltatu reports support for the present manuscript from Alfaisal University, Anima Institute Research Professor Fellowship, and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development Fellowship (CNPq, 304224/2022-7); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with VividiWise Analytics as Managing Partner and with São José dos Campos Technology Park – CITE as Biotech Advisory Board Member outside the submitted work. M.L. Bell reports grants or contracts paid to her institution from US EPA, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hutchinson Postdoctoral Fellowship, Health Effects Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Wellcome Trust Foundation, and from the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies; consulting fees from Clinique and ToxiMap; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events Colorado School of Public Health, Duke University, Univ. of Texas, Data4Justice, Korea University, UPenn, Brown Univ., Northeastern Univ., IOP Publishing, NIH, Health Canada, EHS, PAC-10, UKRI, AXA Research Fund Fellowship, University of Texas, Korea University, Harvard University, Univ. of Montana and SciQuest; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups with Fifth National Climate Assessment (unpaid), Lancet Countdown (unpaid), US EPA Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (honorarium paid to M.L. Bell), Johns Hopkins Department of Environmental Health and Engineering Advisory Board (unpaid), Harvard external advisory committee for training grant (unpaid), WHO Global Air Pollution and Health Technical Advisory group (unpaid), and National Academies Panels and Committees (unpaid); all outside the submitted work. C. Benziger reports grants or contracts from Patient Centered Outcomes Research Network (STAR CRN Phase 4 grant) and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Improving pediatric elevated blood pressure and hypertension recognition in youth); consulting fees from Novartis as a consultant for V-1-Prevent and V-inclusion trials; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Health Partners Institute on the Adherence Wizard Project; all outside the submitted work. S. Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology for Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (grant ID 23KF0126) and from JSPS and the Australian Academy of Science for JSPS International Fellowship (grant ID P23712); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with Rotary District 9675, Sydney, Australia as District Chair, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Belonging, with Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany, Berlin, Germany as Chair, Founding Member and Manager, with PLoS ONE, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research, Neurology International, Diagnostics and BMC Medical Research Methodology as an Editorial Board Member, with College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Government of Canada as a Member, with World Headache Society, Bengaluru, India as Director of Research, with Cariplo Foundation, Milan, Italy as an Expert Adviser/Reviewer, with National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Suita, Osaka, Japan as Visiting Director, with Cardiff University Biobank, Cardiff, UK as a Member, Scientific Review Committee, with Rotary Reconciliation Action Plan as Chair, and with Japan Connect, Osaka, Japan as a Healthcare and Medical Adviser; all outside the submitted work. M. Brauer reports support for the present manuscript from The Gates Foundation, paid to his institution, and stock or stock options from Beyond Meat outside the submitted work. R. Bugiardini reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid, with The Lancet Regional Health-Europe commission on inequalities and disparities in cardiovascular health as Chairperson outside the submitted work. K. Burkart reports grants or contracts from The Gates Foundation, NIH and the IHME Innovation Fund, all outside the submitted work. M. Carvalho reports other financial or nonfinancial interests from LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal and from FCT/MCTES under the scope of the project UIDP/50006/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/50006/2020), all outside the submitted work. A.L. Catapano reports grants or contracts from Chiesi, Amrin, and Ultragenyx; consulting fees from Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Esperion, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Medscape, Menarini, MSD, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Regeneron, Sanofi, Ultragenyx and Viatris; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Esperion, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Medscape, Menarini, MSD, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Regeneron, Sanofi, Ultragenyx and Viatris; all outside the submitted work. E. Cenko reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid, with the ESC Working Group on Coronary Pathophysiology and Microcirculation as Chairperson, outside the submitted work. H. Chen reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from the Alzheimer’s Association outside the submitted work. D.T. Chu reports grants or contracts from Vietnam National University Hanoi (VNU), by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development; D.T. Chu is/has been supported (as a PI unless otherwise indicated) by the VNU for the 2025 research activities of the VNU strong research group - the Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health (establishing decision no. 4013/QĐ-ĐHQGHN on 24 October 2023), by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (grant number 106.02-2019.314), by the VNU under project ‘Researching on some clinical, non-clinical, and epidemiological characteristics, and genetic mutation and expression in Vietnamese patients with ovarian cancer’ (decision number 776/QĐ-ĐHQGHN) and other internal research grants from VNU International School from 2021 to the present, all outside the submitted work. A.F.G. Cicero reports consulting fees from Zentiva, DompéA and Viatris; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Dompé and Sharper; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Amgen Italy; all outside the submitted work. X. Dai reports support for the present work from IHME/UW in the form of a salary. C.S. Farinha reports consulting fees from Atheneum Partners (Bulgaria, Bucharest) since 2019; payment for expert testimony from Atheneum Partners (Bulgaria, Bucharest) since 2023; patents planned, issued or pending: Sustainable Campus Network (Portugal, Lisbon) since 2019; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with TOPHEALTH – talents and organizations with purpose (Portugal, Lisbon) since 2023; all outside the submitted work. X. Feng reports grants or contracts from the National Health and Medical Research Council and Medical Research Future Fund outside the submitted work. L. Göbölös reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from APSC 2025 for hotel and registration coverage for faculty member; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Editorial Board JAPSC and EBTCS as an examiner; all outside the submitted work. Z. Guan grants or contracts with Dementia Centre of Excellence and Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University outside the submitted work. A. Guha reports grants or contracts from the American Heart Association and US Department of Defense outside the submitted work. A. Hassan reports consulting fees from Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Biologix, Merck, Hikma Pharma, Janssen, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma and Elixir Pharma; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Allergan, Merck, Biologix, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Al Andalus, Chemipharm, Lundbeck, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma and Habib Scientific Office, and Everpharma; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Novartis, Allergan, Merck, Biologix, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Chemipharm, Al Andalus and Clavita Pharm; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with MENA Headache Society as Vice President, Multiple Sclerosis chapter of the Egyptian Society of Neurology as Board Member, Headache Chapter of the Egyptian Society of Neurology as Board Member, committee of Education of the International Headache Society (IHS), membership committee of IHS, and regional committee of IHS as Member; all outside the submitted work. J.J. Hebert reports grants or contracts from ResearchNB for salary support outside the submitted work. I. Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (no. 451-03-137/2025-03/200110). M. Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (no. 451-03-47/2023-01/200111). N.E. Ismail reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid, with Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Malaysia as Bursar and Council Member and Malaysian Pharmacists Society Education Chapter Committee as Committee Member, all outside the submitted work. J. Jozwiak reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Adamed, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier and Novo Nordisk (personal fees), all outside the submitted work. J. Khubchandani reports grants or contracts from Merck Pharmaceuticals for Research compensation for PI and from National Science Foundation, USA for Research expenses covered for PI, all outside the submitted work. M. Kivimäki reports grants or contracts from the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z), Medical Research Council (MR/Y014154/1), National Institute on Aging (R01AG056477 and R01AG062553) and Research Council of Finland (350426) as PI of research grants to his university, all outside the submitted work. K. Krishan reports other nonfinancial support from the University Grants Commission Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. A. Kusnali reports support for the present manuscript from National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia for access to scientific literature databases containing paid and unpaid online journals such as SCOPUS, Web of Science and others. T. Lallukka reports support for the present manuscript paid to her institution from the Research Council of Finland (330527). I. Lee reports grants or contracts from AdelaideMRI, Adelaide, Australia (PhD stipend for a project on AI-based medical report generation; payment made to the University of South Australia); outside the submitted work. M.-C. Li reports support for the present manuscript via grants from the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan (113-2314-B-003-002) and the Higher Education Sprout Project of National Taiwan Normal University; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Journal of the American Heart Association as Technical Editor outside the submitted work. D. Lindholm reports stock or stock options in AstraZeneca at the time of employment (>2.5 years ago); other financial or nonfinancial interests with AstraZeneca as a Former employee (>2.5 years ago); all outside the submitted work. S. Lorkowski reports grants or contracts paid to his institution from DSM-Firmenich (formerly DSM Nutritional Products); consulting fees from Danone, Novartis Pharma, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Amarin Germany, Amedes Holding, Amgen, Berlin-Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo Deutschland, Danone, Hubert Burda Media Holding, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly Deutschland, Novartis Pharma, Novo Nordisk Pharma, Roche Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum and SYNLAB Holding Deutschland; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Amgen; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo Deutschland, Novartis Pharma and Sanofi-Aventis; all outside the submitted work. H.R. Marateb reports grants or contracts from LLAVOR 2024 grant from gencia de Gestio d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, Spain (payments made to Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech) and from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech (salary), outside the submitted work. M. McKee reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Northern Ireland Chest Heart & Stroke as chair of scientific advisory board; all outside the submitted work. A.-F. Mentis reports grants or contracts from ‘MilkSafe: a novel pipeline to enrich formula milk using omics technologies’, research co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH - CREATE - INNOVATE (project code T2EDK-02222), as well as from ELIDEK (Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, MIMS-860) (both outside of the present manuscript); payment for expert testimony as external peer-reviewer for Fondazione Cariplo, Italy; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as as Editorial Board Member for ‘Systematic Reviews’ journal, for ‘Annals of Epidemiology’ journal, and as Associate Editor for ‘Translational Psychiatry’; all outside the submitted work. S.A. Meo reports grants or contracts from Researchers Supporting Project, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (RSP-2025 R47) outside the submitted work. S. Mohammed reports support for the present manuscript from the Gates Foundation. S. Nomura reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (24H00663) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJPR22R8). M. Ntsekhe reports grants or contracts from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and South African Medical Research Council; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with South African Heart Association, Heart Failure Society of South Africa, and Pan African Society of Cardiology; all outside the submitted work. B. Oancea reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization through the Core Program of the National Research, Development and Innovation Plan 2022-2027 (project no. PN 23-02-0101-contract no. 7N/2023). A. Ortiz reports grants or contracts from Sanofi paid to their institution The Fundación Jiménez Díaz Health Research Institute and as Director of the Catedra AstraZeneca-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM) of Chronic Kidney Disease and Electrolytes paid to their institution UAM; consulting fees from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bioporto, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Lilly, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo Nordisk and Sysmex; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bioporto, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Sobi, Menarini, Lilly, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo Nordisk, Sysmex and Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma and Spafarma; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Fresenius Medical Care, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Chiesi, Sobi, and Bayer; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Astellas, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius Medical Care, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo Nordisk and Sysmex; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with Council ERA and Sociedad Madrileña de Nefrología (SOMANE); all outside the submitted work. S.K. Panda reports support for the present manuscript from Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University); grants or contracts from DST-Govt. of Odisha (letter no. 3444/ST); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Heliyon as Associate Editor; outside the submitted work. A. Pantea Stoian reports consulting fees paid to her institution from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Servier, Amgen, Roche Diagnostics and Sandoz; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events paid to her institution from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Servier, Amgen, Roche Diagnostics, Sandoz, Boehringer Ingelheim and Medochemie; payment for expert testimony from paid to her institution from Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk; support for attending meetings and/or travel paid to her institution from Novo Nordisk, Medochemie and Sanofi; patents planned, issued or pending with Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Servier, AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Amgen and Roche Diagnostics; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid, with Central European Diabetes Association, Association for Renal-Metabolic & Nutritional Studies, EASD Global Council, Central European Diabetes Association; unpaid medical writing for Novo Nordisk and Sanofi; all outside the submitted work. R. Passera reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board, unpaid, as Member of the Data Safety Monitoring Board dello studio ‘Consolidation with ADCT-402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKi-treated/ineligible Relapse/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) patients’ - Fondazione Italiana Linfomi, Alessandria (Italy); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid, as Member of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Statistical Committee, Paris (F) and past member 2020–2023 (biostatistician) of the Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee Comitato Etico Azienda Ospedaliero Santi Antonio e Biagio Alessandria Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Alessandria e Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Vercelli (Italy); all outside the submitted work. S. Saleem reports support for the present manuscript from Health Services Academy, Islamabad. Y.L. Samodra reports grants or contracts from Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at National Taiwan University, National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan (postdoctoral fellow contract) and School of Public Health, TMU, Taiwan (PhD scholarship); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Benang Merah Research Center (benangmerah.net), Indonesia as Co-founder; other financial or nonfinancial interests with Jago Beasiswa (idebeasiswa.com), Indonesia as Mentor; all outside the submitted work. A.E. Schutte reports consulting fees from Medtronic, AstraZeneca, Sky Labs for serving on advisory board; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Omron, Servier, Medtronic, AstraZeneca and Sky Labs; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Servier, Medtronic and AstraZeneca; all outside the submitted work. S. Setoguchi reports grants or contracts paid to their institution from National Institute of Health, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Pfizer Japan, Daiichi Sankyo and Bristol Myers Squib; consulting fees from Regeneron, Pfizer Japan, BMS and Merck for postmarket safety studies and their methodologies; all outside the submitted work. V. Sharma reports other financial or nonfinancial support from Directorate of Forensic Science, Ministry of Home Affairs’s research project (DFSS28(1)2019/EMR/6) at Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. J.I. Shin reports support for the present manuscript from the Yonsei Fellowship, funded by Lee Youn Jae. L.M.L.R. Silva reports grants or contracts from the Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Portugal, all outside the submitted work. J.A. Singh reports consulting fees from ROMTech, Atheneum, Clearview Healthcare Partners, American College of Rheumatology, Yale, Hulio, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, DINORA, ANI/Exeltis, USA, Frictionless Solutions, Schipher, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two Labs, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Putnam Associates, Focus Forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD and Practice Point Communications and the NIH; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Simply Speaking; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee as a member, no financial support; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a past steering committee member of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm’s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, and as a Chair of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and as editor and the Director of the University of Alabama at Birmingham Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis; stock or stock options in Atai Life Sciences, Kintara Therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics, Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., Aebona Pharmaceuticals, and Charlotte’s Web Holdings and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking and Moderna Pharmaceuticals; all outside the submitted work. J.D. Stanaway reports support for the present manuscript from the Gates Foundation paid to his institution; grants or contracts from Novo Nordisk paid to his institution outside the submitted work. J. Sundström reports stock or stock options in companies (Anagram Kommunikation, Sence Research, Symptoms Europe and MinForskning) providing services to companies and authorities in the health sector including Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer, Eli Lilly, Gilead, GSK, Göteborg University, Itrim, Ipsen, Janssen, Karolinska Institutet, LIF, Linköping University, Novo Nordisk, Parexel, Pfizer, Region Stockholm, Region Uppsala, Sanofi, STRAMA, Takeda, TLV, Uppsala University, Vifor Pharma and WeMind; all outside the submitted work. R. Tabarés-Seisdedos reports grants or contracts from Valencian Regional Government’s Ministry of Education (PROMETEO/CIPROM/2022/58), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PID2021-129099OB-I00) and Valencian Regional Government’s Ministry of Education (PROMETEO/CIPROM/2022/58), outside the submitted work. The funders were not involved in the design of the manuscript or decision to submit the manuscript for publication, nor will they be involved in any aspect of the study’s conduct. J.H.V. Ticoalu reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with Benang Merah Research Center (benangmerah.net), Indonesia as Co-founder, outside the submitted work. M. Touvier reports grants or contracts paid to their institution from European Research Council, French National Research Agency, National Cancer Institute, Bettencourt Foundation and World Cancer Research Fund; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Collège de France, Chair of Professor in Public Health; all outside the submitted work. E. Upadhyay reports the following published patents: ‘A system and method of reusable filters for anti-pollution mask’, ‘A system and method for electricity generation through crop stubble by using microbial fuel cells’, ‘A system for disposed personal protection equipment (PPE) into biofuel through pyrolysis and method’, ‘A novel herbal pharmaceutical aid for formulation of gel and method thereof’ and ‘Herbal drug formulation for treating lung tissue degenerated by particulate matter exposure’, and the following filed patents: ‘A method to transform cow dung into the wall paint by using natural materials and composition thereof’, ‘Biodegradable packaging composition and method of preparation thereof’, ‘Eco-friendly bio-shoe polish from banana and turmeric’, ‘Honey-based polyherbal syrup composition to treat air pollution-induced inflammation and preparation method thereof’ and ‘Process for preparing a caffeine free, antioxidant and nutrient-rich beverage’; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as Executive Council Member of the Indian Meteorological Society, Jaipur Chapter (India) and as Member Secretary of the DSTPURSE Program; all outside the submitted work. P. Willeit reports consulting fees from Novartis Pharmaceuticals outside the submitted work. Y. Yasufuku reports grants or contracts from Shionogi & Co. whose employment expenses are paid from the joint research fund provided by this pharmaceutical company to The University of Osaka (formerly Osaka University), outside the submitted work. M. Zielińska reports other financial or nonfinancial support as an Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease employee. The other authors declare no competing interests.