Galaxies lacking dark matter produced by close encounters in a cosmological simulation

Zwicky, E. Die rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen nebeln. Helv. Phys. Acta 6, 110–127 (1933).

Rubin, B. C. & Ford, W. K. Jr Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions. Astrophys. J. 159, 379 (1970).

White, S. D. M. & Rees, M. J. Core condensation in heavy halos: a two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 183, 341–358 (1978).

Behroozi, P. S., Wechsler, R. H. & Conroy, C. The average star formation histories of galaxies in dark matter halos from z=0-8. Astrophys. J. 770, 57 (2013).

Tollerud, E. et al. From galaxy clusters to ultra-faint dwarf spheroidals: a fundamental curve connecting dispersion-supported galaxies to their dark matter halos. Astrophys. J. 726, 23 (2011).

van Dokkum, P. et al. A galaxy lacking dark matter. Nature 555, 629–632 (2018).

van Dokkum, P. et al. A second galaxy missing dark matter in the NGC 1052 group. Astrophys. J. Lett. 874, 1 (2019).

Haslbauer, M., Banik, I., Kroupa, P. & Grishunin, K. The ultra-diffuse dwarf galaxies NGC 1052-DF2 and 1052-DF4 are in conflict with standard cosmology. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 489, 2634–2651 (2019).

Yu, H., Ratra, B. & Wang, F.-J. Dark matter deficient galaxies in the Illustris flat-Λ CDM model structure formation simulation. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05938 (2018).

Jing, Y. et al. Dark-matter-deficient galaxies in hydrodynamical simulations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 488, 3298–3307 (2009).

Haslbauer, M. et al. Galaxies lacking dark matter in the Illustris simulation. Astron. Astrophys. 626, A47 (2019).

Carleton, T. et al. The formation of ultra diffuse galaxies in cored dark matter haloes through tidal stripping and heating. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 485, 382–395 (2019).

Sales, L. V. et al. The formation of ultradiffuse galaxies in clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 494, 1848–1858 (2020).

Saulder, C. et al. Isolated dark-matter-deprived galaxies in hydrodynamical simulations: real objects or artifacts? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 491, 1278–1286 (2020).

Shin, E. et al. Dark matter deficient galaxies produced via high-velocity galaxy collisions in high-resolution numerical simulations. Astrophys. J. 899, 25 (2020).

Applebaum, E. et al. Ultrafaint dwarfs in a Milky Way context: introducing the Mint condition DC Justice League simulations. Astrophys. J. 909, 96 (2021).

Jackson, R. A. et al. Dark matter-deficient dwarf galaxies form via tidal stripping of dark matter in interactions with massive companions. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 502, 1785–1796 (2021).

Wright, A. C. The formation of isolated ultradiffuse galaxies in ROMULUS25. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 502, 5370–5389 (2021).

Ogiya, G. Tidal stripping as a possible origin of the ultra diffuse galaxy lacking dark matter. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 480, L106–L110 (2018).

Huo, R. Refracting into ultra-diffuse galaxy NGC 1052-DF2 by passing near the centre of NGC 1052. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 495, L144–L148 (2020).

Nusser, A. A scenario for ultradiffuse satellite galaxies with low velocity dispersions: the case of [KKS 2000]04. Astrophys. J. 893, 66 (2020).

Yang, D., Yu, H.-B. & An, H. Self-interacting dark matter and the origin of ultradiffuse galaxies NGC1052-DF2 and -DF4. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 111105 (2020).

Macciò, A. V. et al. Creating a galaxy lacking dark matter in a dark matter-dominated universe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 501, 693–700 (2021).

Hopkins, P. F. et al. FIRE-2 simulations: physics versus numerics in galaxy formation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 480, 800–863 (2018).

Faucher-Giguére, C.-A. Recent progress in simulating galaxy formation from the largest to the smallest scales. Nat. Astron. 2, 368–373 (2018).

Kroupa, P. et al. Does the galaxy NGC1052-DF2 falsify Milgromian dynamics?. Nature 561, E4–E5 (2018).

Moffat, J. W. & Toth, V. T. NGC 1052-DF2 and modified gravity (MOG) without dark matter. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 482, L1–L3 (2019).

Khalifeh, A. R. & Jimenez, R. Dwarf galaxies without dark matter: constraints on modified gravity. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 501, 254–260 (2021).

Famaey, B., McGaugh, S. & Milgrom, M. MOND and the dynamics of NGC 1052-DF2. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 480, 473–476 (2018).

Haghi, H. et al. A new formulation of the external field effect in MOND and numerical simulations of ultra-diffuse dwarf galaxies – application to NGC 1052-DF2 and NGC 1052-DF4. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 487, 2442–2454 (2019).

Shen, Z. et al. A tip of the red giant branch distance of 22.1 ± 1.2 Mpc to the dark matter deficient galaxy NGC 1052-DF2 from 40 orbits of Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Astrophys. J. Lett. 914, L12 (2021).

Danieli, S. et al. A tip of the red giant branch distance to the dark matter deficient galaxy NGC 1052-DF4 from Deep Hubble Space Telescope data. Astrophys. J. Lett. 895, L4 (2020).

Forbes, D. A. et al. The SLUGGS Survey: stellar masses and effective radii of early-type galaxies from Spitzer Space Telescope 3.6 μm imaging. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 464, 4611–4623 (2017).

Zahid, H. J., Sohn, J. & Geller, M. J. Stellar velocity dispersion: linking quiescent galaxies to their dark matter haloes. Astrophys. J. 859, 96 (2018).

Danieli, S. et al. Still missing dark matter: KCWI high-resolution stellar kinematics of NGC1052-DF2. Astrophys. J. Lett. 874, L12 (2019).

Mancera Piña, P. et al. Off the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation: a population of baryon-dominated ultra-diffuse galaxies. Astrophys. J. 883, L33 (2019).

Guo, Q. et al. Further evidence for a population of dark-matter-deficient dwarf galaxies. Nat. Astron. 4, 246–251 (2020).

Mancera Piña, P. et al. No need for dark matter: resolved kinematics of the ultra-diffuse galaxy AGC 114905. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.00017 (2021).

Wolf, J. et al. Accurate masses for dispersion-supported galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 406, 1220–1237 (2010).

Sérsic, J. L. Influence of the atmospheric and instrumental dispersion on the brightness distribution in a galaxy. Bol. Asoc.Argent. Astron. 6, 41–43 (1963).

Sardone, A. et al. Constraints on the HI mass of NGC 1052-DF2. Astrophys. J. 871, 31 (2019).

Peñarrubia, J. et al. The impact of dark matter cusps and cores on the satellite galaxy population around spiral galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 406, 1290–1305 (2010).

Bryan, S. E. Influence of baryons on the orbital structure of dark matter haloes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 422, 1863–1879 (2013).

Valluri, M. et al. Probing the shape and history of the Milky Way halo with orbital spectral analysis. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 419, 1951–1969 (2013).

Zhu, Q. et al. Baryonic impact on the dark matter orbital properties of Milky Way-sized haloes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 466, 3876–3886 (2017).

Mowla, L., van der Wel, A., van Dokkum, P. & Miller, T. B. A mass-dependent slope of the galaxy size-mass relation out to z ~ 3: further evidence for a direct relation between median galaxy size and median halo mass. Astrophys. J. Lett. 872, L13 (2019).

Wetzel, A. R. et al. Galaxy evolution near groups and clusters: ejected satellites and the spatial extent of environmental quenching. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 439, 2687–2700 (2014).

Shen, Z. et al. A complex luminosity function for the anomalous globular clusters in NGC 1052-DF2 and NGC 1052-DF4. Astrophys. J. 909, 179 (2021).

Kim, J. H. et al. Formation of globular cluster candidates in merging proto-galaxies at high redshift: a view from the FIRE cosmological simulations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 474, 4232–4244 (2018).

Ma, X. et al. Self-consistent proto-globular cluster formation in cosmological simulations of high-redshift galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 493, 4315–4332 (2020).

Fensch, J. et al. The ultra-diffuse galaxy NGC 1052-DF2 with MUSE II. The population of DF2: stars, clusters, and planetary nebulae. Astron. Astrophys. 625, A77 (2019).

Knollmann, S. R. & Knebe, A. AHF: AMIGA’s Halo Finder. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 182, 608–624 (2009).

Knebe, A. et al. Haloes gone MAD: the Halo-Finder Comparison Project. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 415, 2293–2318 (2011).

Bryan, G. L. & Norman, M. L. Statistical properties of X-ray clusters: analytic and numerical comparisons. Astrophys. J. 495, 80 (1998).

Turk, M. J. et al. yt: a multi-code analysis toolkit for astrophysical simulation data. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 192, 96 (2011).