Weindruch R, Walford RL. The retardation of aging and disease by dietary restriction. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Pub Limited. 1988.
Anderson RM, Weindruch R. The caloric restriction paradigm: implications for healthy human aging. Am J Hum Biol. 2012;24:101–6.
Mattison JA, Colman RJ, Beasley TM, et al. Caloric restriction improves health and survival of rhesus monkeys. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14063.
Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM, et al. Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;220:1315–20.
Lawler DF, Larson BT, Ballam JM, et al. Diet restriction and ageing in the dog: major observations over two decades. Br J Nutr. 2008;99:793–805.
Lee MB, Hill CM, Bitto A, Kaeberlein M. Antiaging diets: separating fact from fiction. Science. 2021;374:eabe7365.
Mattson MP, Longo VD, Harvie M. Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;39:46–58.
de Cabo R, Mattson MP. Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2541–51.
Brandhorst S, Choi IY, Wei M, et al. A periodic diet that mimics fasting promotes multi-system regeneration, enhanced cognitive performance, and healthspan. Cell Metab. 2015;22:86–99.
Wei M, Brandhorst S, Shelehchi M, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8700.
Newman JC, Covarrubias AJ, Zhao M, et al. Ketogenic diet reduces midlife mortality and improves memory in aging mice. Cell Metab. 2017;26:547-557.e8.
Roberts MN, Wallace MA, Tomilov AA, et al. A ketogenic diet extends longevity and healthspan in adult mice. Cell Metab. 2017;26:539-546.e5.
Bostock ECS, Kirkby KC, Taylor BVM. The current status of the ketogenic diet in psychiatry. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:43.
Leung YB, Cave NJ, Heiser A, et al. Metabolic and immunological effects of intermittent fasting on a ketogenic diet containing medium-chain triglycerides in healthy dogs. Front Vet Sci. 2019;6:480.
Packer RMA, Law TH, Davies E, et al. Effects of a ketogenic diet on ADHD-like behavior in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;55:62–8.
Hill CM, Kaeberlein M. Anti-ageing effects of protein restriction unpacked. Nature. 2021;589:357–8.
Mirzaei H, Raynes R, Longo VD. The conserved role of protein restriction in aging and disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2016;19:74–9.
Mitchell SJ, Bernier M, Mattison JA, et al. Daily fasting improves health and survival in male mice independent of diet composition and calories. Cell Metab. 2019;29:221-228.e3.
Gill S, Le HD, Melkani GC, Panda S. Time-restricted feeding attenuates age-related cardiac decline in Drosophila. Science. 2015;347:1265–9.
Longo VD, Panda S. Fasting, circadian rhythms, and time-restricted feeding in healthy lifespan. Cell Metab. 2016;23:1048–59.
Hatori M, Vollmers C, Zarrinpar A, et al. Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell Metab. 2012;15:848–60.
Martinez-Lopez N, Tarabra E, Toledo M, et al. System-wide benefits of intermeal fasting by autophagy. Cell Metab. 2017;26:856-871.e5.
Chaix A, Zarrinpar A, Miu P, Panda S. Time-restricted feeding is a preventative and therapeutic intervention against diverse nutritional challenges. Cell Metab. 2014;20:991–1005.
Yang F, Chu X, Yin M, et al. mTOR and autophagy in normal brain aging and caloric restriction ameliorating age-related cognition deficits. Behav Brain Res. 2014;264:82–90.
Shin BK, Kang S, Da Sol K, Park S. Intermittent fasting protects against the deterioration of cognitive function, energy metabolism and dyslipidemia in Alzheimer’s disease-induced estrogen deficient rats. Exp Biol Med. 2018;243:334–43.
Vasconcelos AR, Yshii LM, Viel TA, et al. Intermittent fasting attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment. J Neuroinflamm. 2014;11:85.
Li L, Wang Z, Zuo Z. Chronic intermittent fasting improves cognitive functions and brain structures in mice. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e66069.
Singh R, Lakhanpal D, Kumar S, et al. Late-onset intermittent fasting dietary restriction as a potential intervention to retard age-associated brain function impairments in male rats. Age. 2012;34:917–33.
Stote KS, Baer DJ, Spears K, et al. A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:981–8.
Cienfuegos S, Gabel K, Kalam F, et al. Effects of 4- and 6-h time-restricted feeding on weight and cardiometabolic health: a randomized controlled trial in adults with obesity. Cell Metab. 2020;32:366-378.e3.
Carlson O, Martin B, Stote KS, et al. Impact of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction on glucose regulation in healthy, normal-weight middle-aged men and women. Metabolism. 2007;56:1729–34.
Witte AV, Fobker M, Gellner R, et al. Caloric restriction improves memory in elderly humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:1255–60.
Leclerc E, Trevizol AP, Grigolon RB, et al. The effect of caloric restriction on working memory in healthy non-obese adults. CNS Spectr. 2020;25:2–8.
Qasrawi SO, Pandi-Perumal SR, BaHammam AS. The effect of intermittent fasting during Ramadan on sleep, sleepiness, cognitive function, and circadian rhythm. Sleep Breath. 2017;21:577–86.
Harder-Lauridsen NM, Rosenberg A, Benatti FB, et al. Ramadan model of intermittent fasting for 28 d had no major effect on body composition, glucose metabolism, or cognitive functions in healthy lean men. Nutrition. 2017;37:92–103.
Hoffman JM, Creevy KE, Franks A, et al. The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality. Aging Cell. 2018;17:e12737.
Perri AR, Feuerborn TR, Frantz LAF, et al. Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2021;118:e2010083118.
Lee JH, Verma N, Thakkar N, et al. Intermittent fasting: physiological implications on outcomes in mice and men. Physiology. 2020;35:185–95.
Kaeberlein M, Creevy KE, Promislow DEL. The dog aging project: translational geroscience in companion animals. Mamm Genome. 2016;27:279–88.
Creevy KE, Akey JM, Kaeberlein M, et al. An open science study of ageing in companion dogs. Nature. 2022;602:51–7.
Dog Aging Project. Dog Aging Project - 2020 Curated Data Release, version 1.1 [Data file and codebook]. 2021. https://app.terra.bio/. Terra at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.
Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208.
Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)–a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42:377–81.
Salvin HE, McGreevy PD, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela MJ. The canine cognitive dysfunction rating scale (CCDR): a data-driven and ecologically relevant assessment tool. Vet J. 2011;188:331–6.
Studzinski C, Christie L, Araujo J, et al. Visuospatial function in the beagle dog: an early marker of cognitive decline in a model of human aging and dementia. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2006;86:197–204.
Harvey ND. How Old Is My Dog? Identification of rational age groupings in pet dogs based upon normative age-linked processes. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:643085.
Packer RMA, McGreevy PD, Salvin HE, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in naturally occurring canine idiopathic epilepsy. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0192182.
Ogilvie GK, Fettman MJ, Mallinckrodt CH, et al. Effect of fish oil, arginine, and doxorubicin chemotherapy on remission and survival time for dogs with lymphoma. Cancer. 2000;88:1916–28.
Zicker SC, Jewell DE, Yamka RM, Milgram NW. Evaluation of cognitive learning, memory, psychomotor, immunologic, and retinal functions in healthy puppies fed foods fortified with docosahexaenoic acid–rich fish oil from 8 to 52 weeks of age. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;241:583–94.
Brown SA, Brown CA, Crowell WA, et al. Beneficial effects of chronic administration of dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs with renal insufficiency. J Lab Clin Med. 1998;131:447–55.
Freeman LM, Rush JE, Markwell PJ. Effects of dietary modification in dogs with early chronic valvular disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:1116–26.
Mueller RS, Fettman MJ, Richardson K, et al. Plasma and skin concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids before and after supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:868–73.
Hickman MA, Anne Hickman M. Interventional nutrition for gastrointestinal disease. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 1998;13:211–6.
Fritsch D, Allen TA, Dodd CE, et al. Dose-titration effects of fish oil in osteoarthritic dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24:1020–6.
Comblain F, Serisier S, Barthelemy N, et al. Review of dietary supplements for the management of osteoarthritis in dogs in studies from 2004 to 2014. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2016;39:1–15.
Hadley KB, Bauer J, Milgram NW. The oil-rich alga Schizochytrium sp. as a dietary source of docosahexaenoic acid improves shape discrimination learning associated with visual processing in a canine model of senescence. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids. 2017;118:10–8.
Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Physical activity and the maintenance of cognition: learning from animal models. Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3:S30–7.
Milgram NW, Siwak-Tapp CT, Araujo J, Head E. Neuroprotective effects of cognitive enrichment. Ageing Res Rev. 2006;5:354–69.
R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2016. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org.
Harrell FE. Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis. Springer. 2001;20–24.
Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, et al. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49:1373–9.
Regmi P, Heilbronn LK. Time-restricted eating: benefits, mechanisms, and challenges in translation. iScience. 2020;23:101161.
Zlotnick M, Corrigan V, Griffin E, et al. Incidence of health and behavior problems in service dog candidates neutered at various ages. Front Vet Sci. 2019;6:334.
Simpson M, Albright S, Wolfe B, et al. Age at gonadectomy and risk of overweight/obesity and orthopedic injury in a cohort of Golden Retrievers. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0209131.