Our work greatly benefited from discussion of everyone who participated in our workshop series on crime prediction at the Neubauer Collegium for culture and society (https://neubauercollegium.uchicago.edu/events/uc/crimes_of_prediction_workshop/), and with those with whom we had extended conversations to ground and refine our modelling approach.

Data were provided by the City of Chicago data portal at https://data.cityofchicago.org. The City of Chicago (‘City’) voluntarily provides the data on this website as a service to the public. The City makes no warranty, representation, or guarantee as to the content, accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of any of the data provided at this website (https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/narr/foia/data_disclaimer.html), and the authors of this study are solely responsible for the opinions and conclusions expressed in this study. Sources of the crime incidence data for the other cities are tabulated in Table 1. Socio-economic data for metropolitan areas were obtained from https://www.census.gov.

This work is funded in part by the Defense Sciences Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency projects HR00111890043/P00004 and W911NF2010302, and the Neubauer Collegium for Culture and Society through the Faculty Initiated Research Program 2017. The claims made in this study do not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the sponsors, and no official endorsement should be inferred.